The Top Earning Game Apps of 2021


Intro
As we navigate through the digital age, mobile gaming has carved out a substantial niche in the entertainment landscape, making it one of the most lucrative sectors in the world. The diverse options available today offer something for everyone. From casual players enjoying a quick game during a commute to avid gamers immersing themselves in intricate narratives, the variety is staggering.
In 2021, many game apps stood head and shoulders above the rest in terms of their ability to rake in considerable revenues. Understanding what makes these games financially successful can arm both casual gamers and industry stakeholders with insights that go beyond mere play. This article aims to unravel the complexities of the highest-paying game apps, delving into their revenue generation tactics, user retention methodologies, and what sets them apart in a competitive environment.
The mobile gaming sector is not just about gameplay; itās a finely tuned machine, driven by a mix of smart marketing strategies and engaging user experiences. Here, we will examine not only the games that made waves financially but also the underlying mechanisms that propelled their successes. By analyzing various genres and platforms, we will provide a robust framework for comprehending the financial impact of mobile gaming as it exists today.
Stay tuned as we embark on this explorationāunpacking not just the numbers but the stories behind them.
Prelude to Mobile Gaming
The world of gaming has expanded immensely in recent years, with mobile gaming taking the reins as a dominant force in the industry. As we dive into the topic of the highest paying game apps of 2021, itās crucial to understand the framework in which these games thrive. Mobile gaming is not just a pastime anymore; it's a significant platform reshaping entertainment, social interaction, and even commerce.
Growth of Mobile Gaming Industry
With smartphones becoming omnipresent, the mobile gaming industry has blossomed like a spring flower after a long winter. In 2021, mobile gaming revenues soared, surpassing traditional gaming platforms and drawing in staggering amounts of cash.
- According to industry reports, mobile gaming represented over 50% of the global gaming market. This immense growth can be tied to a few key factors:
- Accessibility: With just a smartphone, players have the entire world of gaming at their fingertips. No longer confined to consoles or PCs, anyone can hop on and participate anytime, anywhere.
- Diverse Game Offerings: From simple puzzle games like Candy Crush to comprehensive battle royales like Fortnite, the range of available genres is enormous, catering to a wide array of interests and age groups.
- Social Connections: Many mobile games offer multiplayer features, allowing users to connect with friends and family, fostering a communal experience.
The growth isn't merely about numbers; it's about how mobile gaming influences daily life, offering escapism and opportunities for social engagement that were less accessible before.
The Shift to Mobile Platforms
Not long ago, gaming meant consoles or PCs. But now, we see a significant shift towards mobile platforms. This transition is reflected in gamers' preferences and developers' strategies.
- Changing Demographics: Gamers arenāt just teenagers anymore; they range from children to adults in their 40s and 50s. Many people find mobile games easier to fit into their busy lives compared to traditional setups.
- Technological Advancements: Improvements in mobile technology, like faster processors and high-definition displays, have enabled developers to create visually stunning and complex games.
- Cost-Effective Development: Itās often cheaper to develop for mobile platforms, which means more indie developers can enter the scene. This influx has led to innovative ideas and gameplay mechanics that can sometimes outshine those of larger studios.
Ultimately, the shift to mobile gaming has fundamentally transformed the landscape, making it a leading player in the gaming sphere. As the boundaries continue to blur, it raises questions about the future of gaming as a whole, influencing everything from design to marketing strategies.
"The mobile gaming revolution is not a fleeting trend but a redefinition of how games connect us and entertain us throughout modern life."
In summary, understanding the growth of mobile gaming and the ongoing shift to these platforms is pivotal in examining why certain applications excel financially. These elements unveil a complex web of interactions that contribute to the financial success of mobile games, leading us directly into the criteria for the highest paying games.
Criteria for Highest Paying Games
The mobile gaming industry is colossal, and navigating it can feel like trying to find a needle in a haystack. Understanding the criteria that define the highest paying games is key for anyone who wishes to know what makes these apps stand out in a sea of options. As we delve deeper into this segment, itās crucial not to just skim the surface; rather, we must peel back the layers to uncover what keeps players consistently coming back for more and how developers cash in on this loyalty.
Revenue Models in Mobile Gaming
When it comes to revenue generation, there are several models that game developers have employed with varying levels of success. The most commonly utilized methods include:
- Freemium: Players often download games for free, but they encounter a plethora of optional purchases within the gameplay. This model is prevalent in many popular apps like Clash of Clans. Here, the lure of in-game advantages nudges players towards spending extra cash.
- Ad-based Revenue: Many games rely on advertisements to bring in income. Players may encounter ads between levels or in the form of incentivized video advertisements. In this setup, players can earn rewards for watching ads, which maintains engagement while monetizing user interactions.
- Subscription Models: Monthly or annual fees provide players with exclusive content or ad-free experiences. This steady stream of income can often lead to more predictable earnings for developers. For instance, Apple Arcade has tapped into this model effectively.
These various revenue models demonstrate that there is more than one way to achieve financial success in mobile gaming. The trick lies in finding the right balance that maximizes player experience while ensuring profitability.
User Engagement and Retention
Capturing the user's attention is one part of the equation; keeping it is another whole kettle of fish. User engagement plays a pivotal role in determining the profitability of mobile games. Companies go to great lengths to ensure players remain hooked. Here are a few strategies employed:
- Regular Updates: Games that see continuous updates tend to retain players. Developers push fresh content, events, and seasonal changes, which staves off the boredom that can often lure players away. Popular examples include Fortnite and Candy Crush, which are known for their dynamic gameplay that evolves constantly.
- Community Building: Game apps increasingly foster communities through social media and in-app features. Such platforms allow players to interact, compete, and share experiences, subsequently increasing their emotional investment in the game.
- Reward Systems: Offering incentives can work wonders. Players are more likely to continue playing if there are tangible rewards to look forward to, whether it be in-game currency, special items, or access to exclusive features.
Maintaining player interest isnāt just good for business; itās essential to building a brand that players trust and want to return to time and again.
Market Trends and Demographics
Understanding the landscape of mobile gaming means also considering the trends and demographics that shape it. The market changes just like the wind, and being aware of current directions can give developers a leg up. Factors to consider include:
- Rise in Mobile Accessibility: As smartphones become more affordable and widespread, the demographic reaches further than just teens and young adults. New audiences, such as older generations, are discovering mobile gaming, broadening the potential market.
- Cultural Influences: Local culture greatly influences the types of games that soar in popularity. For instance, battle royale games find a vast audience in North America, while casual puzzle games may be more successful in Asian markets.
- Evolving Player Preferences: Players today are increasingly looking for immersive experiences. Augmented and virtual reality games are on the rise, capturing interest with their innovative gameplay and rich graphics.
The pocket gaming universe is changing. Understanding who is playing what can make or break a game's success.
In summary, grasping the critical criteria for what sets apart the highest paying games in mobile gaming is an ever-evolving endeavor. It requires being attuned to revenue models, user engagement strategies, and the shifting tides of market trends. With a finger on the pulse of these elements, developers can cultivate lucrative gaming experiences that tap into the desires and habits of a diverse player base.
Top Grossing Game Apps of


Understanding the landscape of mobile gaming not only showcases the growth and development of this ever-evolving industry but also underscores the significance of the highest grossing apps in shaping current market trends. These top-grossing titles are not merely popular; they bring in substantial revenue through various monetization strategies, carving niches for themselves in a highly competitive space.
This section delves into two key areas: the overview of leading titles that have managed to capture the interestāand walletsāof millions, and a financial breakdown highlighting where the money is flowing. Itās essential to scrutinize these apps as they provide valuable lessons not just for developers but also for gamers keen on understanding what makes a game successful.
Overview of Leading Titles
In 2021, several games stood out in terms of revenue, showcasing diverse genres and varied gameplay styles that catered to a wide array of audience preferences. Here are some of the top performers:
- Honor of Kings: This multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game dominated with its engaging gameplay. Itās no wonder this title has been a blockbuster, especially in China, where mobile gaming is thriving.
- Genshin Impact: Launched in late 2020, this action RPG quickly garnered a massive following. Its stunning graphics and immersive world led to a continuous surge in in-app purchases, greatly boosting its revenue.
- PUBG Mobile: The quintessential battle royale experience on mobile devices, PUBG Mobile has perfected the model of live service, keeping players coming back for more while spending money on skins and passes.
These notable titles are noteworthy contributions to the mobile gaming ecosystem, each spinning its own web of monetization strategies and player engagement, attracting a committed player base.
Financial Breakdown of Key Apps
To further understand the financial clout of these apps, one must consider the numbers. Letās break down the revenue generated by some key players:
- Honor of Kings: With an eye-watering revenue of approximately $2.45 billion in 2021, its unique model of engaging users through seasonal content and player-oriented updates has kept it afloat at the top.
- Genshin Impact: Surpassing the $1 billion mark in its first six months alone, this game has turned heads not only for its gaming experience but also for its effective marketing strategies that firmly captivate users.
- PUBG Mobile: This game reported revenues of around $1 billion in 2021, much of which comes from its well-implemented in-game events and varied purchasing options, like Royale Pass.
"The most successful apps are those that innovate without alienating their audience."
Moreover, the trends indicate that continual updates and offerings to users keep these games fresh and relevant, hence ensuring sustained financial success. Observing how these top-grossing applications maneuver can provide insights into effective practices that are worth emulating in the gaming industry.
Popular Genres and Their Earnings
Understanding the earnings generated by different game genres is crucial to grasp the landscape of mobile gaming in 2021. Each genre attracts unique audiences and employs varied strategies that contribute to its financial success. Focusing on the top genres allows us to identify patterns in user engagement, monetization, and market performance. This section not only sheds light on the dynamics of popular genres but also dissects how they adapt to player preferences and trends.
Casual Games
Casual games stand at the forefront of mobile gaming, appealing to a broad audience thanks to their accessible gameplay and bite-sized experiences. Games like Candy Crush Saga and Among Us have crafted environments that encourage casual interaction, capitalizing on social connections. These games often implement freemium models, where core gameplay is free but users can purchase extra features or lives.
Key characteristics:
- Accessibility: Simple controls and easy-to-learn mechanics cater to players of all skill levels.
- Social Features: Players can engage their friends, expanding immersive gameplay through shared experiences.
- Frequent Updates: Regular content updates keep users returning for more.
This genre has amassed incredible revenue, with many titles generating billions annually, proving both the effectiveness and profitability of the casual gaming model.
Action and Adventure Games
Action and adventure games capture the thrill-seeking players, offering high-energy gameplay filled with challenges. Titles such as PUBG Mobile and Genshin Impact have become household names by delivering intense experiences that keep users hooked.
Notable elements:
- Dynamic Gameplay: Fast-paced action paired with storytelling elements creates an immersive environment.
- In-App Purchases: Selling cosmetic items or upgrades is a common monetization strategy, reinforcing player investment.
- Community Engagement: Competitive elements foster community, where users feel driven to improve and share their accomplishments.
This genre doesnāt just appeal to gamers looking for entertainment; it also fosters communities that contribute to its overall financial success.
Role-Playing Games (RPGs)
RPGs offer deep narratives and character development that resonate well with players. Games such as Final Fantasy XIV mobile and Raid: Shadow Legends draw players into expansive worlds where their choices affect outcomes. This genre often employs a combination of monetization strategies, including subscriptions and in-game purchases.
Characteristics of success:
- Player Investment: Engaging narratives drive emotional connections with characters and storylines.
- Customization: Players invest time into creating unique characters, enhancing their actual experience through personalization.
- Longevity: RPGs often have high retention rates, keeping players engaged for longer periods.
The depth in storytelling and character progression combined with varied monetization strategies makes RPGs a powerhouse in mobile game earnings.
Strategy Games
Strategy games require careful planning, foresight, and an analytical mindset. Titles like Clash of Clans and Rise of Kingdoms exemplify how players can invest in building strategies to outperform competitors. This genre earns revenue primarily through in-app purchases and resource packs that help give players an edge.
Key aspects:
- Competition and Collaboration: Players strategize against opponents, but they may also form alliances for resource sharing.
- Pacing: Unlike faster genres, strategy games allow players time to contemplate their next moves, inviting a deeper engagement pattern.
- Regular Events: Timed events keep the community engaged and encourage spending.
Focusing on strategic thinking and community interaction can transform casual players into dedicated enthusiasts, ultimately inflating the revenue generated by this genre.
The success of mobile game genres in 2021 is not just about gameplay but extends into monetization strategies and community involvement. Each genre has crafted its unique identity, finding its way into the wallets of gamers around the world.


Monetization Strategies Employed
The landscape of mobile gaming has vastly changed, and understanding the monetization strategies employed by successful gaming apps is crucial for grasping their financial success. Monetization strategies are vital as they determine how games generate revenue and ultimately sustain their development and user engagement. Companies that master these methods not only maximize their profit margins but also enlarge their player bases. This section will delve into the major strategies employed across the industry, dissecting their specific elements, benefits, and potential challenges.
Freemium Models
Freemium models are like a buffetāyou get to sample a bit without having to pay upfront, which often entices users to dive in. Usually, these games offer essential gameplay for free while dangling enticing premium features under user noses, often leading to in-game purchases. Titles that tap into this model attract a broader audience because players can try the game without any financial commitment.
The appeal lies in creating a sense of āvalueā. When players sense they are enjoying something substantial for free, the chances are greater that they will consider spending on extras. This applies to cosmetic items, extra levels, or enhanced gameplay features. However, a common pitfall is balancing game mechanicsāif paid options feel essential, free players might feel cheated, damaging the game's reputation over time.
In-App Purchases
In-app purchases, or IAPs for short, can be seen as the bread and butter of mobile gaming. This method encourages players to buy virtual goods directly in the game, ranging from character skins to power-ups. The seamless integration of these purchases within gameplay keeps players engaged and often willing to spend more than they initially anticipated. For example, in games like Clash of Clans, players are constantly motivated to enhance their gameplay through IAPs, leading to impressive revenue figures.
While lucrative, it's essential to tread carefully. Gamers, particularly seasoned ones, are often wary of pay-to-win mechanics that can lead to an unbalanced experience. Ensuring that IAPs are optional and do not alienate free players is a crucial consideration for developers.
Subscription Services
Subscription services are gaining traction like a new trend in the fashion world, and while it may not be every player's cup of tea, it has shown promise in stabilizing revenue. Popular examples include Apple Arcade and Google Play Pass, where users pay a monthly fee for access to a library of games. This model allows developers to focus on the contentās quality instead of continually fretting over monetization through ads or in-app purchases.
By providing a steady income stream, subscription models allow developers to pour more resources into improving and expanding their games. However, they face the challenge of keeping content fresh, as complacency may push subscribers away. It's a balancing act that demands constant innovation and user engagement.
Ad Revenue Generation
Advertising revenue acts as the icing on the cake if managed correctly. This can involve displaying ads in various forms, such as banner ads, video ads, or sponsored content, often rewarding users with in-game benefits for viewing them. Games like Candy Crush utilize video ads effectively, balancing player experience with opportunity for revenue.
One benefit of this strategy is that it can help keep the game free while maintaining a steady cash flow. However, it's essential to strike the right balanceātoo many ads can frustrate players and lead to higher uninstall rates. Understanding player tolerance for advertisements is vital; when done right, ad revenue can be a sustainable income source without creating an overly intrusive experience.
"Monetization in mobile gaming is not just about making money; it's about creating and maintaining a relationship with the player through value and engagement."
Each of these monetization strategies reveals a layer of complexity and an understanding of gamer behavior. For developers, success isnāt merely a numbers game; it's about crafting a compelling experience that can both draw in users and encourage them to invest, whether through time or resources.
Case Studies of Successful Apps
Understanding the landscape of mobile gaming requires a close look at the case studies of successful applications. This approach sheds light on various elements that contribute to a game's financial success. By analyzing specific apps, we can identify strategies that have proven effective in engaging players and generating revenue. These insights are invaluable for game developers, investors, and players alike, highlighting why some games dominate the market while others fade into obscurity.
Analysis of Fortnite
Fortnite, launched by Epic Games, has become a hallmark of revenue generation in mobile gaming. Its success isn't by mere chance but rooted in a multifaceted strategy. The game embraced the free-to-play model, attracting millions of players without upfront costs. This model is complemented by in-game purchases, particularly cosmetic items, which players eagerly buy, seemingly without a second thought.
Players spent over $1.8 billion on Fortnite in 2019 alone, demonstrating the power of engaging aesthetics!
Moreover, Fortnite regularly introduces seasonal events that keep the gameplay fresh, drawing players back into the environment. Their collaborations with big names, like Marvel and Travis Scott, are master strokes in marketing and community engagement. This not only enriches the experience but also reinforces brand loyalty.
Engagement in PUBG Mobile
PUBG Mobile takes a slightly different route. While it also utilizes a free-to-play model, its success hinges on competitive gameplay and community building. Players are drawn to the intense matches where skill and strategy bear fruit, leading to a strong engagement factor. One noteworthy aspect is the regular updates and events that keep players invested. These updates introduce new maps, modes, and collaborations, which spice up the experience.
Furthermore, its ranking system encourages players to strive for higher status, tapping into the competitive spirit. PUBG Mobile also offers an array of in-game purchases, from weapon skins to character enhancements, which significantly boosts revenue.
Revenue Insights from Call of Duty Mobile
Call of Duty Mobile carves out its niche by blending familiar mechanics with the mobile platform's nuances. The game operates under a hybrid monetization strategy, incorporating elements of both in-app purchases and a seasonal battle pass.
Each season, new content refreshes the user experience, while the battle pass provides a progression system that rewards players for engaging more deeply with the game.
Interestingly, analytics reveal that players are more willing to spend on upgrades that keep their gameplay experience dynamic rather than simply cosmetic changes.
Additionally, its well-executed marketing strategy, such as partnerships with influencers and extensive social media presence, has further amplified its reach and earnings potential.
Emerging Trends in Mobile Gaming
The mobile gaming industry is in a state of rapid flux, constantly reshaping itself to adapt to new technologies and player preferences. Emerging trends are crucial to understanding not just where the industry is heading but also what players can expect in terms of engagement and experiences. Grasping these elements helps developers, marketers, and gamers alike harness the potential of innovations that redefine gaming.
Rise of Cloud Gaming
Cloud gaming is revolutionizing how players interact with video games. Traditionally, gamers needed to invest in high-end consoles or PCs to access graphically intense titles. Now, with cloud technology, users can play high-quality games on everyday mobile devices without requiring substantial hardware.
This shift democratizes access to games, allowing anyone with a steady internet connection to enjoy top-tier titles. Moreover, services like Google Stadia and NVIDIA GeForce Now are creating platforms where game libraries can be accessed instantly, eliminating the cumbersome download times and storage issues traditional players face.


Benefits of cloud gaming include:
- Accessibility: Players can enjoy games across various devices; no more being tethered to a single console or PC.
- Cost Efficiency: Reduces the upfront costs of gaming as there's less need to buy physical hardware.
- Flexibility: You can play anywhere and anytime, as long as you connect to the internet.
"In the age of cloud gaming, the only limit is your internet speed."
Impact of Augmented Reality (AR)
AR has not only impacted gaming but has entered the everyday lives of users through mobile devices. Game apps increasingly blend the real world with digital elements. PokƩmon GO stood at the forefront of this trend, showcasing how immersive gameplay can encourage outdoor exploration and social interaction.
Current AR environments enhance user experiences by:
- Promoting Social Interaction: Games encourage players to communicate and collaborate, leading to communities flourishing around shared goals.
- Blending Reality with Fantasy: This creates a unique layer of engagement where players feel involved in both their physical and virtual worlds.
- Driving Innovation: Developers are pushed to think outside the box, utilizing real-world physics and environments in their gameplay designs.
Integration of Virtual Reality (VR)
While VR traditionally required complex setups and dedicated spaces, the rise in mobile VR applications has streamlined accessibility. Wearing headsets like Oculus Quest or using Google Daydream, players are now entering fully immersive environments right from their devices.
The integration of VR in mobile gaming allows for:
- Deep Immersive Experiences: Players find themselves fully immersed in the gaming world, increasing emotional involvement and satisfaction.
- Unique Storytelling: Through VR, narratives take on new dimensions by allowing players to experience stories from unique perspectives, enhancing engagement.
- Enhanced Gameplay Mechanics: VR introduces innovative controls, offering novel interactions that are simply impossible in traditional 2D games.
Exploring these emerging trends highlights the shifting landscape of mobile gaming. As players, developers, and marketers navigate this evolving world, staying informed about these innovations will be paramount for success and engagement in the mobile gaming economy.
Future Projections for Game Apps
The mobile gaming landscape remains dynamic, continuously evolving as technology and player preferences shift. When we talk about future projections for game apps, itās not just about numbers; it is about understanding the overall trajectory of the industry and the potential that lies ahead. As more players hop on board and technology advances, these projections help investors, developers, and avid gamers anticipate what lies around the corner.
Anticipated Market Growth
One canāt ignore the buzz around anticipated market growth. Research suggested that the mobile gaming sector is set to escalate significantly. According to various forecasts, it is projected to hit several billion dollars by the mid-2020s. Such growth can stem from several factors:
- Increased Smartphone Penetration: As technology becomes more available, a larger audience gains access to mobile gaming. Devices offering superb graphics and faster processors are expected to enhance the gaming experience.
- Emerging Markets: Regions such as Asia-Pacific and Latin America are increasingly becoming important hubs for mobile game development and consumption. This cultural shift promises a windfall of revenues.
- Continuous Engagement through Live Events: Open in-game tournaments and live updates keep users glued to their screens, ensuring retention. More players are getting involved in competitive gaming, turning casual gamers into dedicated fans.
As the landscape shifts, staying ahead of the curve is crucial for those operating in this sector.
Technological Innovations
The future of game apps rides on the back of relentless technological advancements. Just think about how far weāve come with gaming graphics or how augmented reality (AR) embraced a whole new level of interaction. Here are some innovations we can expect to see:
- Enhanced Graphics with 5G: 5G technology is not only about faster internet. It changes how game apps function, allowing higher-quality visuals and seamless multiplayer experiences. Imagine playing complex war games with minimal lag.
- Artificial Intelligence Integration: AI can tailor the gaming experience according to usersā preferences, enhancing engagement. Smart algorithms may analyze player behavior to offer customized content and gameplay.
- Cloud Gaming: With platforms like Google Stadia and Amazon Luna making waves, players can stream games without needing expensive hardware. This opens up possibilities for both developers and gamers, making high-performance games widely accessible.
Evolving Player Preferences
Finally, itās crucial to note that player preferences are evolving faster than a game character can level up. The desires of users can dictate trends and playstyles. Note the following shifts:
- Shift Toward Social Experiences: Players increasingly seek interactions within games. This has led to a surge in multiplayer offerings and community-driven events.
- Greater Focus on Inclusivity: Players want to see representation in gaming not just in characters but also in design teams. A diverse gaming experience can create richer storytelling and connection with the audience.
- Demand for Unique Gaming Experiences: Gamers today crave innovation and originality. They look for games that resonate with personal interests rather than sticking with the tried-and-true formulas.
The game app industry is looking at a promising future. Those who can navigate these market trends, technological changes, and evolving player needs will thrive in the years to come.
"In a world that's constantly changing, adaptability is the ultimate skill."
By keeping an eye on these developments, stakeholders can position themselves to ride the wave of growth and innovation.
Culmination
The mobile gaming industry has exploded in both reach and revenue in recent years, making the understanding of its economics increasingly relevant. In this article, we explored the highest paying game apps of 2021, venturing through the myriad avenues of revenue generation and user retention strategies. Grasping these key elements allows players, developers, and industry analysts to better navigate this dynamic landscape.
Summary of Key Findings
Several notable patterns emerged throughout our exploration of mobile gaming. Among them:
- Diverse Monetization Models: Games like Fortnite and Call of Duty Mobile exemplify successful implementations of freemium and in-app purchase strategies, drawing in millions while keeping player engagement high.
- Genre-Specific Insights: Strategy games often require longer play sessions, resulting in a highly engaged user base that is willing to spend for upgrades.
- User Engagement: Retention tactics, including regular updates and community events, are particularly effective in maintaining a loyal player base.
The financial implications of these factors signify a complex interplay: as developers tailor their offerings to meet the nuanced preferences of players, substantial revenue potential surfaces.
Final Thoughts on Mobile Gaming Economics
Considering the rapid growth of the mobile gaming market, the financial trajectories of apps continue to paint a compelling picture. Each leading title not only delivers entertainment but also strategizes around creating profitable ecosystems. For gamblers, poker players, and game strategists alike, understanding these trends can shape future choices and investments.
"Those who play wisely, within their means, and stay informed can navigate the game of mobile gaming economics successfully."
As we eye the upcoming years, innovations in technology and shifts in player preference are likely to keep reshaping the landscape. In a field where adaptability is key, keeping an ear to the ground and a finger on the pulse of industry changes is essential for staying ahead. The giants of tomorrow are born from the knowledge and choices made today.